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Learning and Conditioning
Behavioral Learning Theories
Observable changes in behavior
Focus:
How pos/neg consequences of behavior change individuals’ behavior over time
Model behavior of others
Define Learning
What is learning?
Learning
Takes place in many ways
Intentional –
Unintentional –
All sorts of learning are going on all the time
Behavioral Learning Theories
Classical Conditioning: Pavlov
Thorndike: Law of Effect
Skinner: Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning: Pavlov
what happens before a response
No new behaviors are learned
Instead an association is developed (through pairing)
Before Conditioning
In order to have CC, there must exist a stimulus that will automatically or reflexively elicit a specific response
This stimulus is called the UCS because there is no learning involved in connecting the stimulus and response
There must also exist a NS
NS will be presented followed by UCS
Over time, the learner will develop an association between these two stimuli
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Can you figure this one out?
Little Albert Example
What is the UCS? UCR? NS? CS? CR?
How is this classical conditioning?
Generalization
Extinction
Another Example
How does child become afraid of the dark?
Watch Scary movie Þ Fear
(UCS) Þ (UCR)
Dark + Scary Movie Þ fear
Dark Þ Fear
(CS) Þ (CR)
So how do you get child to not be scared of dark?
6th grade student is frustrated and embarrassed throughout year by an insensitive math teacher. In the 7th
grade, the student becomes extremely anxious every time she goes to math class.
What are the US, CS, UCR, CR?
CC in the Classroom
Discrimination :
Teacher should teach child which behaviors are acceptable and which are not
Generalization
Increase by:
Math lessons that involves real coins, dollars
Supply and demand lesson involves relating it to grocery prices, wages, values of collectibles (i.e. baseball cards)
Simulations
Praise connections
Allow students to practice skills
CC in the Classroom
PAIR learning with Fun!
PAIR learning with Feeling good
School = fun, challenging place
Garcia Effect
Conditioned Taste Aversion
Farmer/Sheep/Wolf Example
Other Examples: Tequila, Restaurant
Skinner: Operant Conditioning
Learning is based on consequence
what happens after a response
rx between behavior/consequences
Rats/food dispenser
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement Examples
Reinforcement Examples
Reinforcers
Intrinsic:
Behaviors that a person enjoys engaging in for their own sake without any other reward
Examples?
Extrinsic:
Praise or rewards given to motivate people to engage in behavior they might not engage in without them
Examples?
Reinforcement: Positive vs. Negative
Reinforcement
Positive
Examples?
Can this have negative effect?
Negative
Examples?
Reinforcement: General Ideas
Appropriate
Contingent (Premack Principle)
Timely (immediate is best)
What is reinforcement for you may not be reinforcer for child
Shaping: along the way
Punishment:
consequences - weaken behavior
Punishment
Examples?
Punishment: General Ideas
Timely (immediately is best)
consistent (Speeding Tickets)
know punishment ahead of time
use natural and logical consequences
Ex: send to principals office for everything? Loses value
Punishment cannot be reinforcer
How will you change students’ behaviors?
Punishment?
Reinforcement?
Token Systems?
Stars/Sticker Charts?
Principals office?
Etc?
Question for Discussion
If punishment is ineffective and produces negative side effects, Why do so many teachers continue to rely on it so much?
Schedules of Reinforcement:
Frequency and Predictability
Fixed Ratio
"Once you finish 5 problems, you may go to recess."
Increase ratios (5, 10, 15, whole projects)
What if you reinforce student after every task?
Lose value
Variable Ratio
Number required for reinforcer is unpredictable
Ex: Slot machines – high and stable rates
Ex: Raising your hand
Fixed Interval
Reinforcement is available only at certain time periods
Ex: Scheduled Exams
What does behavior look like w/ this schedule?
Variable Interval
We have no idea when behavior will be reinforced
Ex: Pop Quizzes, Spot Check Homework
What does students behavior look like with this schedule?
Let’s practice main concepts
EXAMPLE 1:
EXAMPLE 2:
EXAMPLE 3:
Schedule Handout
More Practice
Get into groups and come up with examples for:
Positive/Negative reinforcement
Presentation/Removal Punishment
Generalization, Discrimination, Extinction
Example of Classical Conditioning:
NS, UCS, UCR, CS, CR
Break?
Social Learning Theories
Spawned from behavioral learning theories
Emphasizes effects of thought on action and action on thought
What about modeling behavior?
Can students learn from behaviors of other students without experiencing consequence themselves?
Bandura’s Observational Learning
Watching/imitating actions of another or
noting the consequences of those actions
by observing a model we can:
learn new responses
learn to carry out/avoid previously learned responses
Depends on what happens to the model
Think about:
Underage drinking?
Answering a question in class?
Refraining from misbehaving in the classroom?
Brother burns hand on stove?
Witnessing someone win on slots?
Others?
Do we really imitate what we see?
Bobo Doll Experiments
Parents who smoke
Parents who hit
What about TV?
Bobo Doll Experiments
Children shown 1 of 3 films of adult being aggressive towards Bobo doll
1) model was severely punished
2) model was praises and given treats
3) model was given no consequences
After film, children observed playing w/ toys
Results?
Does TV promote observational learning?
facts: High school graduate:
15,000 hours of TV
11,000 hours in classroom
18,000 murders
countless acts of robbery, arson, bombing, torture, and beatings
children watching Sat morning cartoons:
26 or more violent acts each hour
G-rated: 10 minutes of violence per hour
Before and After TV: Canada
After TV:
reading development in children declined
scores on tests of creativity declined
children’s perceptions of gender roles became more stereotyped
verbal and physical aggression
boys and girls
equally for children who were high or low in aggression before
Another TV study
Power Rangers
7-year old boys and girls
Group that watched:
7 times more aggressive
Remember: Correlation not causation
Stop Blaming….. Handout
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